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- Sales Rank: #743104 in Books
- Published on: 2015
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.49" h x 1.46" w x 6.22" l, .60 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
Most helpful customer reviews
8 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
A most attractive portrait of J.M.Keynes
By Ralph Blumenau
J.M.Keynes is best known as an economist; but he had many other accomplishments, and this beautifully-written and affectionate biography brings all of them out; and, though of course there is a good deal of economics in the book, the treatment is (mostly) not too technical. It also brings out Keynes’ character: he was not only one of the most brilliant intellects of his time, beautifully articulate and persuasive, but was also kind, generous, affectionate, happy, confident, a man “of joyous vitality”, gregarious, a foe to all pessimism, and “the least envious of men”. (All this according to the author; but he also quotes people who had a more negative view of him.) He was casually and inconsistently antisemitic until the advent of the Nazis cured him of this (and Wikipedia tells me that he was a supporter of Zionism).
Keynes had many homosexual relationships with members of the Apostles and of the Bloomsbury set, but he also had pick-ups in London. But, unlike many others, he was not tortured by this aspect of his nature - nor, for that matter, did it prevent him from being happily in love with his wife, the Russian-born ballerina Lydia Lopokova whom he married in 1925 when he was 43. There is a long and detailed chapter about all this in the middle of the book.
His parents (excellent portraits of both of them) adored him. He sailed through Eton (exceptionally, because quite unathletic, a member of Pop). He went on to King’s College Cambridge where he read Mathematics, and was a member of the Apostles. The atmosphere at Eton, at King’s and at the meetings of Apostles is again masterfully conveyed. The Apostles repudiated “customary morals, conventions and traditional wisdom”: they strengthened Keynes’ already independent thinking, and their belief that the prime objects of life were “love, the creation and enjoyment of aesthetic experience, and the pursuit of knowledge” also spoke to what was already in him. Their attitude was élitist, and this, too, would be an aspect of Keynes’ views.
It was also the view of the Bloomsbury Group to which Keynes later belonged. (When he was in London, Keynes would live in Bloomsbury.) Again the author gives us a brilliant little summery of the group. Perhaps through them Keynes became a connoisseur of the arts. In 1918 he attended an auction in Paris and came back spent £500 to start his collection of mainly modern French paintings. In 1941 he became a trustee of the National Gallery and in 1946 the first Chairman of the Arts Council. He was instrumental in creating the Cambridge Arts Theatre and preventing the demolition of the Covent Garden Theatre and made it into the Royal Opera House.
By then, of course, he had long made his name as an economist. In 1906, after graduation, he had a 20-month spell at the India Office before returning to Cambridge to lecture on Economics (he had himself studied Economics for only one term, informally, under Alfred Marshall) and to become a Fellow of King’s. In due course he would become the College Bursar and made brilliant investments for the College, increasing its wealth twelve-fold while he held that post. (The fortunes of the investments he made for himself fluctuated wildly.)
In 1913 he was asked to sit on a Royal Commission on Indian Finance, and when, on the outbreak of the First World War there was a banking crisis, it was a memorandum he sent to Lloyd George, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, that deterred him from suspending gold payments for the duration, and shortly afterwards he was recruited to the Treasury. In 1917 he was put in charge of a new Treasury department managing Britain’s external finances, and was of course much concerned with the enormous drain on Britain’s gold reserve. When the war ended, Keynes agreed that German reparations should make up for this drain; but he insisted that the sum fixed should be an amount that the Germans could pay without wrecking their industry which would have to produce the amount, and he calculated that the most she could afford to pay was £3,000 million. In fact the Allies demanded £6,600 million. Keynes was the principal Treasury representative at the Paris Peace Conference, and there is a fascinating account of the human side of his interactions with the Germans and with the members of his own side who “thought only in terms of seizing booty or of placating voters”. Keynes was in despair and resigned from the Treasury in June 1919 and wrote his famous scathing, eloquent and prophetic “The Economic Consequences of the Peace” - striking excerpts of which are quoted. Davenport-Hines judiciously examines the influence of this book.
Keynes always took a low view of politicians, though he was a life-long supporter, advisor and campaigner of the Liberal Party. But, though generally opposed to a nationalist approach to economics, during the crisis of the Great Depression he abandoned the Liberal creed of Free Trade in favour of tariff protection (1930).
Though his economic ideas became increasingly radical, they were not anti-capitalist. He wanted to improve capitalism, making it work more efficiently by ironing out the oscillations between booms and slumps, but also contributing to the general happiness and stability of society: he always thought that “economics ... is a side of ethics”. The main obstacles he saw in the governments cutting back expenditure during slumps, when they ought to be doing the opposite: they should reduce unemployment by investing in public works. This would have a “multiplier effect”. Lloyd George’s Liberals adopted this idea for the General Election of 1929. The fullest statement of Keynes’ ideas came in his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936.
In 1940, during the Second World War broke out, he again began to work as an advisor in the Treasury, and his ideas influenced the budgets of the time. He was sent to the United States in 1941 to try to improve the Lend-Lease arrangements: he was unsuccessful in this, as he would be in later discussions: the Americans were determined to reduce London’s role in the post-war economy; and the two sides were also badly at odds in their working methods, to their mutual resentment. But he played a key role at Bretton Woods, in 1944, where the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to stabilize the post-war world economy.
Keynes’ General Theory had not mentioned the Welfare State, but when Sir William Beveridge produced his famous report in 1942, Keynes (ennobled that year) would be a strong supporter of it. But he believed in balanced budgets and was opposed to deficit finance. When the Labour government of 1945 enacted the Welfare State, Keynes warned that, once Lend-Lease ended, this would plunge Britain into bankruptcy. When Lease-Lend was in fact brought to an abrupt end in August 1945, Keynes was sent to America again to secure a huge loan at 2% interest, in return for which he had to agree to sterling convertibility. This saved not only the Welfare State but even the Labour Government. But back in England he had to defend the agreement against those who regarded it as “an economic Munich”. He exerted prodigious energy on all this, although ever since 1937 he had been in poor health, a nd overwork was almost certainly responsible for the heart attack that killed him in April 1946, at the age of 62.
This is a most attractive portrait of Keynes, and the quotations of him are a delight and full of wisdom.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Meeting Mr Keynes
By Procopius
This is the first biography to bring Keynes the man to life. Skidelsky's mammoth work is compendious but a plodding affair. I am most grateful to Mr Daveneport-Hines and find myself wanting more.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
very comprehensive biography of the the various dimensions of Keynes ...
By Michael
very comprehensive biography of the the various dimensions of Keynes. The structure of the book is unusual for a biography but very effective
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